黑料社

I had coffee with a friend the other day at a Cuban restaurant in Manhattan. I was about to take a trip, but we wanted to get together before that, as I was going to be away for a while. A few days later, while reading a poem of hers, a line she wrote made me realise I had misunderstood something she said that day, causing me to miss the opportunity to talk about her poem, and also to give her a copy of a book of mine. Thinking a lot about Robert Rauschenberg鈥檚 Erased de Kooning Drawing 1953, I realised that one of the things it is about is minimising the subject, indicating that the removal of one subject can allow for the appearance of another. The things that go undiscussed in conversation are in some way equivalent to those that are talked about; what we did manage to discuss was just as important as what was left聽out.

Erased de Kooning Drawing symbolised what was iconic about much of what Rauschenberg did in those days 鈥� iconic and iconoclastic at the same time, although de Kooning was not the icon the young Turk wanted to smash. His iconoclasm took a more genteel and personal approach. As he explained in an interview: 鈥業 erased the de Kooning not out of any negative response.鈥� Rauschenberg had been doing the same thing with his own drawings, but there was not much tension in that; it didn鈥檛 push out into the world. He had a fascination with de Kooning, photographing his studio in 1952. Another key factor was that 鈥榙e Kooning was the most important artist of the聽day鈥�.

The genesis of the project is well-documented: Rauschenberg went over to the master鈥檚 studio and said he鈥檇 like to erase one of his drawings as an act of art. De Kooning, apparently intrigued, had three groups of drawings. The first comprised those with which he was not satisfied聽鈥� that wouldn鈥檛 work. The next was of drawings he liked, but which were all in pencil 鈥� too easy to erase. If de Kooning was going to participate in this neo-Dada performance, he would play his part. He looked in his third group and found a multimedia work on paper that would be quite difficult to eradicate (the media of Erased de Kooning Drawing are 鈥渢races of ink and crayon on paper鈥�). It apparently took Rauschenberg one month to get the sheet relatively clear of marks. No photograph exists of the work he erased; we do have a photograph of the relatively simple sketch on the reverse, published here for the first time [see published聽magazine].

I wonder what Rauschenberg felt when he first started on it, and later, when he was halfway through, and at the end, when de Kooning鈥檚 drawing was completely obliterated, the work of an artist considered one of the most significant draughtsmen of his day. Much of Rauschenberg鈥檚 practice was based on the idea that what the artist may or may not have been feeling is unimportant, but I just wonder. I wonder because I don鈥檛 think most people who love art would have been able to bring themselves to do it. What he was smashing was not de Kooning; he was using an artist he admired to smash given ways of working. Rauschenberg in those days was forever fleeing what he (and others) had already done, and for about fifteen years his choices were聽unerring.

He began 鈥� like his friend Cy Twombly 鈥� a fully formed artist, while both were students at Black Mountain College in the early 1950s. Fielding Dawson remembered them there in 1951, under the watchful eye of Robert Motherwell, dropping gravel on to a tar-covered canvas. It was that same summer that Rauschenberg created his pure White Paintings in different groupings of rectangular panels. Malevich had painted White on White. Rauschenberg鈥檚 teacher at Black Mountain, Josef Albers, who he accused of 鈥渁buse鈥� because of his harsh manner in refusing to brook missed or misconstrued assignments, taught that art came not from self-expression, but from an understanding of materials and colour weights. Those influences play strongly in Rauschenberg鈥檚 work, starting with the White Paintings, but he instantly knew how to take his aesthetic models to places that made those models seem old world in every sense of the聽phrase.

It is possible to think of Rauschenberg鈥檚 life鈥檚 work as falling into four categories: 1) those works that come from materials in the world; 2) those that have to do with the living actions of individuals in time; 3) those based on seeing that is done photographically; and 4) those that are about the value of white. One might think that Robert Ryman would have a better claim to being the master of white, but in fact Ryman鈥檚 stripped down colour has the function of allowing one to focus on the actual painting of his marks (the later work of Chuck Close is similar, in that it鈥檚 not about photography, but about聽painting).

Rauschenberg鈥檚 moves in white are part of the grand gesture that his early work strove for and often achieved. His colleague John Cage recognised this when he wrote: 鈥淭he white paintings were airports for the lights, shadows and particles.鈥� Rauschenberg was able to make nothing the subject of a painting in a way that Cage would, after him, make nothing the subject of a piece of music. Then everything could enter in. 鈥淗aving made the empty canvases (a canvas is never empty), Rauschenberg became the giver of gifts.鈥� The timing of these acts was crucial; it was a different response to the Second World War and the atom bomb. Unlike the existentialism of Giacometti, which depicted man alone in the universe, Rauschenberg鈥檚 emptiness has a positive tonality, and although he in part rejected the serious themes of his Abstract Expressionist predecessors, his White Paintings have nothing of the humour of the聽Surrealists.

The linkage of Rauschenberg and Cage is critical. They met in 1951 in New York and studied with Merce Cunningham at Black Mountain in the summer of 1952, when they all participated in Theater Piece #1, a combination of predetermined, independent parts that occurred simultaneously. Cage acknowledged that the White Paintings enabled him to compose in August 1952 his iconic 4鈥�33鈥�, during which the pianist sits at the piano, but does not play. When the White Paintings were exhibited at the Stable Gallery in New York in the autumn of 1953, Cage wrote a statement for them: 鈥溾€� No subject/ No Image/No taste/No object/No beauty/No message/ No talent/No technique鈥�/No聽idea鈥︹€�

It is in this context that we must consider Erased de Kooning Drawing. It was a performative act 鈥� the erasing is the important part of it 鈥� resulting in a conceptual work (you have to know that there was an actual de Kooning that was erased, with the artist鈥檚 consent, to have full understanding of it). The mount and the frame are part of the piece (hence the depth measurement of half an inch in its documentation). It also helps to know that another significant Rauschenberg cohort, Jasper Johns, did the lettering, which states: 鈥淓rased de Kooning Drawing, Robert Rauschenberg, 1953.鈥� It was a collaborative act; later, Rauschenberg鈥檚 collaborative theatre work with Cunningham, Cage, Trisha Brown and others formed an essential part of his聽activity.

Erased de Kooning Drawing is iconic because it stands for an era when something seemingly negative could, in fact, turn out to have positive repercussions. It is revolutionary in a philosophical, though not in an aesthetic, sense. The influence of Rauschenberg鈥檚 white work can be seen in many later artists, from Richard Hamilton, who designed The Beatles鈥�聽 White Album cover, to Richard Tuttle and Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Mostly, I see Erased de Kooning Drawing as part of Rauschenberg鈥檚 way of making a grand gesture. If he had created the White Paintings at a different time or in a different way, they would be forgettable, if not laughable, but when we installed Seven Panel White Painting in an arched niche in the Reina Sofia museum in 2002 for the Black Mountain show I curated there, it transformed that space into something like a temple, even though there was much that was active going on around it. It transmitted a sense of stillness, of interiority. It was only later that one stopped to wonder at its maker鈥檚 quiet聽genius.